Comentario sobre Avodah Zarah 2:7
אֵלּוּ מֻתָּרִין בַּאֲכִילָה. חָלָב שֶׁחֲלָבוֹ גוֹי וְיִשְׂרָאֵל רוֹאֵהוּ. וְהַדְּבַשׁ. וְהַדַּבְדָּנִיּוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמְּנַטְּפִין, אֵין בָּהֶם מִשּׁוּם הֶכְשֵׁר מַשְׁקֶה. וּכְבָשִׁין שֶׁאֵין דַּרְכָּן לָתֵת לְתוֹכָן יַיִן וָחֹמֶץ. וְטָרִית שֶׁאֵינָהּ טְרוּפָה. וְצִיר שֶׁיֶּשׁ בָּהּ דָּגָה. וְעָלֶה שֶׁל חִלְתִּית. וְזֵיתִים גְּלֻסְקָאוֹת הַמְגֻלְגָּלִין. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, הַשְּׁלוּחִין, אֲסוּרִין. הַחֲגָבִים הַבָּאִים מִן הַסְּלוּלָה, אֲסוּרִין. מִן הַהַפְתֵּק, מֻתָּרִין. וְכֵן לִתְרוּמָה:
Se pueden comer: leche (de un animal) ordeñada por un gentil a la vista de un judío, [no necesariamente vista por el judío, pero visible para el judío si él (el judío) se puso de pie. El gentil tendría miedo (de ordeñar un animal inmundo en presencia del judío), pensando: si se levanta, me verá (y no me comprará)], y su miel, y sus davdevaniyoth [(hogazas de miel tomado de la colmena.) A pesar de que gotean, no tememos que haya puesto vino de libación en ellos. Otra interpretación: racimos de uvas. A pesar de que el vino gotea de ellos, no están prohibidos por razón del vino de libación.] Y ellos [los goteos] no son hechsher mashkeh (un agente de impureza) [es decir, no crean susceptibilidad (de las uvas) a la impureza. , porque ellas (las uvas) están destinadas a comer y él no desea el líquido que gotea de ellas.], y las conservas en las que no estamos acostumbrados a colocar la vid y el vinagre, y un tarith que no se tritura. [A pesar de que está cortado en pedazos, la cabeza y la columna están intactas y es discernible como un pez limpio.], Y una salmuera en la que hay daga y una hoja de chiltith, [que no es habitual cortar con un cuchillo], y aceitunas exóticas prensadas, [aceitunas colocadas en un recipiente redondo y calentadas y prensadas hasta que se vuelven como huevos redondeados. (Se pueden comer)] R. Yossi dice que los "cast-outs" están prohibidos. [Si las aceitunas se han vuelto tan suaves que cuando toma una aceituna en la mano, el hoyo se echa y se cae por sí mismo, están prohibidas porque (sospechamos que) se han ablandado por el vino. La halajá no está de acuerdo con R. Yossi.] Las langostas que salen de la canasta [ante el comerciante] están prohibidas, [porque tememos que haya rociado vino sobre ellas para ablandarlas]. (Los que vienen) del almacén están permitidos, [porque él no rocía vino sobre ellos antes de ofrecerlos a la venta.] Y lo mismo se aplica a terumah. [Si un Cohein es sospechoso de vender terumah como chullin, todo lo que se encuentre frente a él está prohibido (no sea terumah). Pero si lo toma del almacén, está permitido, porque teme que los rabinos puedan escucharlo y gobernar todo su suministro hefker (sin dueño)].
Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah
English Explanation of Mishnah Avodah Zarah
milk which a non-Jew milked with a Jew watching him;
honey,
grape-clusters even though these secrete moisture the law which renders food susceptible to defilement by a liquid does not apply to them
preserves into which they are not accustomed to put wine or vinegar,
pickled herring which has not been minced,
brine containing fish,
a leaf of asafoetida,
and rolled olive-cakes. Rabbi Yose says: those olives having pits ready to drop out are prohibited.
Locusts which come out of [a shopkeeper’s] basket are prohibited, but if from storage they are permitted. The same rule applies to terumah.
This mishnah lists food produced by non-Jews which a Jew is allowed to eat.
1) As we explained in the previous mishnah, the concern with milk is that the non-Jew might mix milk which comes from a kosher animal with milk that comes from a non-kosher animal (such as a camel). If the Jew is watching over the non-Jew we have no such concern and the milk is therefore permitted.
2) Mixing foreign substances with honey would spoil the honey. Therefore we can assume that the non-Jew did not put anything into the honey and it is permitted.
3) Even though some grape juice may be dripping from the cluster of grapes, we are not concerned that the non-Jew used this juice in idol worship and it would be forbidden. The mishnah also notes that the liquid that comes out of grapes is not the type of liquid which makes a food susceptible to impurities. As we have learned before (Eduyoth 4:6) food cannot become impure until it is made wet by seven types of liquids. Grape juice is not one of them.
4) Preserved foods into which it is not customary to put wine or vinegar are permitted.
5) If one can see that the fish in the brine is actually herring, it is permitted, unlike the minced fish which was discussed above.
6) In the previous mishnah we learned that it was forbidden to eat pieces of the asa foetida, since the same knife used to cut this plant might have been used to cut non-kosher food. In this mishnah we learn that since they don’t cut the leaves of the as foetida with this type of knife, it is permitted.
7) Olives that have been rolled out into cakes are permitted, since no wine is used in them. According to Rabbi Yose, if the olives have become so soft that the pits fall out, wine might have been put on them to soften them. Therefore, they are forbidden.
8) Some types of locusts are kosher. When a seller sells them, he brings them from his storehouse and puts them in a small basket, onto which he mixes a little wine. Due to the addition of this wine, locusts that come from this basket are forbidden. The locusts that come from the storehouse are permitted since the wine has not yet been put upon them.
The mishnah points out that the same is true with regards to terumah. If a kohen sells locusts from the little basket, we must suspect that he has dripped wine on them, and that the wine might be terumah, which is strictly forbidden to non-priests. If, however, the locusts come from storage, we can be sure that there is no terumah-wine mixed in with them.