Tahorot 1

שְׁלשָׁה עָשָׂר דָּבָר בְּנִבְלַת הָעוֹף הַטָּהוֹר. צְרִיכָה מַחֲשָׁבָה, וְאֵינָהּ צְרִיכָה הֶכְשֵׁר, וּמְטַמָּא טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִין בְּכַבֵּיצָה, וְכַזַּיִת בְּבֵית הַבְּלִיעָה, וְהָאוֹכְלָהּ טָעוּן הֶעֱרֵב שֶׁמֶשׁ. וְחַיָּבִים עָלֶיהָ עַל בִּיאַת הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְשׂוֹרְפִין עָלֶיהָ אֶת הַתְּרוּמָה. וְהָאוֹכֵל אֵבָר מִן הַחַי מִמֶּנָּה סוֹפֵג אֶת הָאַרְבָּעִים. שְׁחִיטָתָהּ וּמְלִיקָתָהּ מְטַהֲרוֹת אֶת טְרֵפָתָהּ, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אֵינָן מְטַהֲרוֹת. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, שְׁחִיטָתָהּ מְטַהֶרֶת, אֲבָל לֹא מְלִיקָתָהּ:

Thirteen matters regarding the carcass of a pure fowl: it requires thought [i.e. one must initially think to use it for food, in order for it have the impurity of foods]; and it does not necessitate becoming primed [for impurity, unlike other foods, which are primed for impurity when they become wet]; and it renders foods impure [upon contact] when it has [at least the volume] equivalent to an egg; and [it renders one impure] while it is being swallowed when it has [at least the volume] equivalent to an olive; and one who eats it requires [waiting until] sunset [on the day of his immersion before he becomes pure again]; and [if rendered impure] by it, one would be liable for entering the temple; and [one rendered impure by it renders <i>terumah</i> impure, such that the] <i>terumah</i> needs to be burned on its account; and one who eats a limb taken from it while alive endures the forty [lashes]. According to Rabbi Meir, its slaughter or its <i>melikah</i> [ritual killing of fowl brought as sacrifices in the temple] purify [the pure fowl, if it was discovered to have been] a <i>treifah</i> [an animal which will not survive, and is generally rendered impure and cannot be eaten]. Rabbi Yehuda says: they do not purify. Rabbi Yose says: its slaughter purifies, but its <i>melikah</i> does not. [The first nine of the thirteen matters are listed in this Mishna; the final four appear in the following Mishna.]

הַכְּנָפַיִם וְהַנּוֹצָה, מִטַּמְּאוֹת וּמְטַמְּאוֹת וְלֹא מִצְטָרְפוֹת. רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר, הַנּוֹצָה מִצְטָרֶפֶת. הַחַרְטוֹם וְהַצִּפָּרְנַיִם מִטַּמְּאִין וּמְטַמְּאִין וּמִצְטָרְפִים. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, אַף רָאשֵׁי אֲגַפַּיִם וְרֹאשׁ הַזָּנָב מִצְטָרְפִים, שֶׁכֵּן מַנִּיחִים בַּפְּטוּמוֹת:

The wings and the feathers [of the carcass of a pure fowl] can be rendered impure and can render [other items] impure, and they are not added together [to reach a volume measure sufficient for causing impurity]. Rabbi Yishmael says: the feather is added [to complete the sufficient measure]. The beak and the talons render impure and they are added together. Rabbi Yose says: even the tips of the wings and the tip of the tail are added together, as they are left on the fatted [birds, for serving].

נִבְלַת הָעוֹף הַטָּמֵא צְרִיכָה מַחֲשָׁבָה וְהֶכְשֵׁר, וּמְטַמְּאָה טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִין בְּכַבֵּיצָה, וְכַחֲצִי פְרָס לִפְסֹל אֶת הַגְּוִיָּה, וְאֵין בָּהּ כַּזַּיִת בְּבֵית הַבְּלִיעָה, וְהָאוֹכְלָהּ אֵין טָעוּן הֶעֱרֵב שֶׁמֶשׁ, וְאֵין חַיָּבִין עָלֶיהָ עַל בִּיאַת מִקְדָּשׁ. אֲבָל שׂוֹרְפִין עָלֶיהָ אֶת הַתְּרוּמָה, וְהָאוֹכֵל אֵבָר מִן הַחַי מִמֶּנָּה אֵינוֹ סוֹפֵג אֶת הָאַרְבָּעִים, וְאֵין שְׁחִיטָתָהּ מְטַהֲרְ תָּהּ. הַכְּנָפַיִם וְהַנּוֹצָה, מִטַּמְּאוֹת וּמְטַמְּאוֹת וּמִצְטָרְפוֹת. הַחַרְטוֹם וְהַצִּפָּרְנַיִם, מִטַּמְּאִין וּמְטַמְּאִים וּמִצְטָרְפִין:

The carcass of an impure fowl requires thought [one must initially think to use it for food] and being primed [for impurity, by becoming wet]; and it renders foods impure when it has [at least the volume] equivalent to an egg, and [at least the volume] equivalent to half a loaf invalidates one's body [from eating <i>terumah</i> by rendering him impure]; and it does not have [the law of rendering one impure] when it is being swallowed when it has [at least the volume] equivalent to an olive; and one who eats it does not require [waiting until] sunset [on the day of his immersion before he becomes pure again]; and one is not liable for entering the temple [while impure] because of it; but <i>terumah</i> is burned on its account [i.e. one rendered impure by it renders <i>terumah</i> impure]; and one who eats a limb taken from it while alive does not endure the forty [lashes]; and slaughtering it does not purify it. The wings and feathers can be rendered impure, and can render impure, and are added together. The beak and the talons can be rendered impure, can render impure, and are added together.

וּבַבְּהֵמָה, הָעוֹר וְהָרֹטֶב וְהַקִּפָּה וְהָאֲלָל וְהָעֲצָמוֹת וְהַגִּידִים וְהַקַּרְנַיִם וְהַטְּלָפַיִם, מִצְטָרְפִין לְטַמֵּא טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִין, אֲבָל לֹא טֻמְאַת נְבֵלוֹת. כַּיּוֹצֵא בוֹ, הַשּׁוֹחֵט בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה לְנָכְרִי וְהִיא מְפַרְכֶּסֶת, מְטַמְּאָה טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִין, אֲבָל לֹא טֻמְאַת נְבֵלוֹת, עַד שֶׁתָּמוּת אוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּתִּיז אֶת רֹאשָׁהּ. רִבָּה לְטַמֵּא טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִין, מִמַּה שֶּׁרִבָּה לְטַמֵּא טֻמְאַת נְבֵלוֹת:

And regarding an animal: the hide, the sauces [in which it is cooked], the seasonings, the meat stuck to the hide, the bones, the sinews, the horns, and the hooves combine to render impure with the impurity of foods, but not with the impurity of carcasses. Similarly, one who slaughters an impure animal for a gentile and it is still twitching, it can render impure with the impurity of foods, but not with the impurity of carcasses until it dies or until its head is chopped off. The rendering of the impurity of foods was made more numerous than the rendering of the impurity of carcasses.

הָאֹכֶל שֶׁנִּטְמָא בְאַב הַטֻּמְאָה וְשֶׁנִּטְמָא בִוְלַד הַטֻּמְאָה, מִצְטָרְפִין זֶה עִם זֶה לְטַמֵּא כַקַּל שֶׁבִּשְׁנֵיהֶן. כֵּיצַד. כַּחֲצִי בֵיצָה אֹכֶל רִאשׁוֹן וְכַחֲצִי בֵיצָה אֹכֶל שֵׁנִי שֶׁבְּלָלָן זֶה בָזֶה, שֵׁנִי. כַּחֲצִי בֵיצָה אֹכֶל שֵׁנִי וְכַחֲצִי בֵיצָה אֹכֶל שְׁלִישִׁי שֶׁבְּלָלָן זֶה בָזֶה, שְׁלִישִׁי. כַּבֵּיצָה אֹכֶל רִאשׁוֹן וְכַבֵּיצָה אֹכֶל שֵׁנִי שֶׁבְּלָלָן זֶה בָזֶה, רִאשׁוֹן. חִלְּקָן, זֶה שֵׁנִי וְזֶה שֵׁנִי. נָפַל זֶה לְעַצְמוֹ וְזֶה לְעַצְמוֹ עַל כִּכָּר שֶׁל תְּרוּמָה, פְּסָלוּהוּ. נָפְלוּ שְׁנֵיהֶן כְּאַחַת, עֲשָׂאוּהוּ שֵׁנִי:

Food which has become impure from an origin of impurity [and has thus attained a first degree level of impurity], and [food] which has become impure from a generated impurity [such as something of a first degree level, causing it, in turn, to attain a second degree level of impurity], they are added together to impart impurity [at the level] of the less stringent of the two. How so? The equivalent [in volume] of half an egg of food of a first degree [level of impurity] and the equivalent [in volume] of half an egg of a second degree [level of impurity] that one mixed with each other, [the mixture] is of a second degree. The equivalent of half an egg of a second degree and the equivalent of half an egg of a third degree that one mixed with each other, [the mixture] is of a third degree. The equivalent of a full egg of a first degree and the equivalent of a full egg of a second degree that one mixed with each other, [the mixture] is of a first degree; but if one [then] divided them [into two], this one is of a second degree and this one is of a second degree. If one [of these two] fell on its own and [the other] one [also fell] on its own onto a loaf of <i>terumah</i>, they invalidate it [by giving it a third degree level of impurity]. If both fell at once they render it to be of a second degree [impurity, since it came into contact with a full egg's measure of food of a first degree impurity].

כַּבֵּיצָה אֹכֶל שֵׁנִי וְכַבֵּיצָה אֹכֶל שְׁלִישִׁי שֶׁבְּלָלָן זֶה בָזֶה, שֵׁנִי. חִלְּקָן, זֶה שְׁלִישִׁי וְזֶה שְׁלִישִׁי. נָפַל זֶה לְעַצְמוֹ וְזֶה לְעַצְמוֹ עַל כִּכָּר שֶׁל תְּרוּמָה, לֹא פְסָלוּהוּ. נָפְלוּ שְׁנֵיהֶן כְּאַחַת, עֲשָׂאוּהוּ שְׁלִישִׁי. כַּבֵּיצָה אֹכֶל רִאשׁוֹן וְכַבֵּיצָה אֹכֶל שְׁלִישִׁי שֶׁבְּלָלָן זֶה בָזֶה, רִאשׁוֹן. חִלְּקָן, זֶה שֵׁנִי וְזֶה שֵׁנִי, שֶׁאַף הַשְּׁלִישִׁי שֶׁנָּגַע בָּרִאשׁוֹן נַעֲשָׂה שֵׁנִי. כִּשְׁתֵּי בֵיצִים אֹכֶל רִאשׁוֹן כִּשְׁתֵּי בֵיצִים אֹכֶל שֵׁנִי שֶׁבְּלָלָן זֶה בָזֶה, רִאשׁוֹן. חִלְּקָן, זֶה רִאשׁוֹן וְזֶה רִאשׁוֹן. לִשְׁלשָׁה אוֹ לְאַרְבָּעָה, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ שֵׁנִי. כִּשְׁתֵּי בֵיצִים אֹכֶל שֵׁנִי וְכִשְׁתֵּי בֵיצִים אֹכֶל שְׁלִישִׁי שֶׁבְּלָלָן זֶה בָזֶה, שֵׁנִי. חִלְּקָן, זֶה שֵׁנִי וְזֶה שֵׁנִי. לִשְׁלשָׁה אוֹ לְאַרְבָּעָה, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ שְׁלִישִׁי:

The equivalent of an egg [in volume] of a second degree food and the equivalent of an egg [in volume] of third degree food that one mixed with one another, [the mixture] is of a second degree; if one divided them [into two], this one is of a third degree and this one is of a third degree. If one [of these two] fell on its own, and [the other] one [also fell] on its own onto a loaf a <i>terumah</i>, it has not invalidated it [since <i>terumah</i> is not made impure by something of third degree impurity]. If both fell at once they render it to be of a third degree [impurity]. The equivalent of an egg [in volume] of first degree food and the equivalent of an egg [in volume] of third degree food that one mixed with each other, [the mixture] is of a first degree; if one divided them [into two], this one is of a second degree and this one is of a second degree, since even that of a third degree, when it touched that of a first degree, it became of a second degree. The equivalent of two eggs [in volume] of first degree food and the equivalent of two eggs [in volume] of a second degree food that one mixed with each other, [the mixture] is of a first degree; if one divided them [into two], this one is of a first degree and this one is of a first degree; if [one divided them] into three or four, they are [all] of a second degree. The equivalent of two eggs [in volume] of second degree food and the equivalent of two eggs [in volume] of third degree that one mixed with each other, [the mixture] is of a second degree; if one divided them [into two], this one is of a second degree and this one is of a second degree; if [one divided them] into three or four, they are [all] of a third degree.

מִקְרָצוֹת נוֹשְׁכוֹת זוֹ בָזוֹ, וְכִכָּרִים נוֹשְׁכִין זֶה בָזֶה, נִטְמֵאת אַחַת מֵהֶן בְּשֶׁרֶץ, כֻּלָּן תְּחִלָּה. פֵּרְשׁוּ, כֻּלָּן תְּחִלָּה. בְּמַשְׁקִין, כֻּלָּן שְׁנִיּוֹת. פֵּרְשׁוּ, כֻּלָּן שְׁנִיּוֹת. בְּיָדַיִם, כֻּלָּן שְׁלִישִׁיּוֹת. פֵּרְשׁוּ, כֻּלָּן שְׁלִישִׁיּוֹת:

Pieces of dough which are touching each other or loaves that are touching one another, if one of them is rendered impure by [touching] a vermin, they are all [rendered] primary [in their impurity; i.e. they all become of a first degree of impurity]. If they were [then] separated, they are all [still] primary [in their impurity]. Regarding liquids [that are similarly touching each other, if one liquid is rendered impure by impure liquids, which are always of a first degree level of impurity, then] they are all of a second degree [level of impurity]; if they were [then] separated, they are all [still] of a second degree. If [they were made impure] by hands [which are of a second degree level of impurity], they are all of a third degree.

מִקְרֶצֶת שֶׁהָיְתָה תְחִלָּה וְהִשִּׁיךְ לָהּ אֲחֵרוֹת, כֻּלָּן תְּחִלָּהּ. פֵּרְשׁוּ, הִיא תְחִלָּה וְכֻלָּן שְׁנִיּוֹת. הָיְתָה שְׁנִיָּה וְהִשִּׁיךְ לָהּ אֲחֵרוֹת, כֻּלָּן שְׁנִיּוֹת. פֵּרְשׁוּ, הִיא שְׁנִיָּה וְכֻלָּן שְׁלִישִׁיּוֹת. הָיְתָה שְׁלִישִׁית וְהִשִּׁיךְ לָהּ אֲחֵרוֹת, הִיא שְׁלִישִׁית וְכֻלָּן טְהוֹרוֹת, בֵּין שֶׁפֵּרְשׁוּ בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא פֵרְשׁוּ:

A piece of dough that was primary [i.e. of a first degree impurity], and one attached other pieces to it, they are all primary; if one [then] separated them, it [the original piece] is primary, and all the others are second degree. If it [the original piece] was second degree and one attached other pieces to it, they are all second degree; if one [then] separated them, it is second degree, and all the others are third degree. If it was third degree and one attached other pieces to it, it is third degree, and all the others are pure, whether they were separated or not.

כִּכְּרוֹת הַקֹּדֶשׁ שֶׁבְּתוֹךְ גֻּמּוֹתֵיהֶם מַיִם מְקֻדָּשִׁים, נִטְמֵאת אַחַת מֵהֶן בְּשֶׁרֶץ, כֻּלָּן טְמֵאוֹת. בַּתְּרוּמָה, מְטַמֵּא שְׁנַיִם וּפוֹסֵל אֶחָד. אִם יֵשׁ בֵּינֵיהֶם מַשְׁקֶה טוֹפֵחַ, אַף בַּתְּרוּמָה, הַכֹּל טָמֵא:

Sanctified loaves whose ridges have sanctified [i.e. sufficiently pure] water in them, if one of them became impure by [coming into contact with] a vermin, they all become impure [any loaves touching it, along with any loaves touching those loaves, and so on, since even a fourth degree impurity, which generally does not generate further impurity, can render sanctified liquids primary, meaning they can then go on to render the rest of the loaves impure]. With [loaves of] <i>terumah</i>, [a vermin that comes into contact with one of them] makes two [loaves] impure and invalidates one [i.e the first loaf that touched the vermin becomes impure in the first degree, and any loaf that touches that loaf becomes impure in the second degree, and any loaf touching that loaf becomes impure in the third degree and thus is still invalid for <i>terumah</i>, but it does not cause any more impurity]. If there is dripping liquid between them, even with [loaves of] <i>terumah</i>, everything is impure [because the liquid, which is made primary by the loaves, and which causes the loaves it then touches to become secondary, and those loaves, in turn, cause the water touching the next loaves to become primary, and so on, to all the loaves].