Negaim 1

מַרְאוֹת נְגָעִים שְׁנַיִם שֶׁהֵן אַרְבָּעָה. בַּהֶרֶת עַזָּה כַשֶּׁלֶג, שְׁנִיָּה לָהּ כְּסִיד הַהֵיכָל. וְהַשְּׂאֵת כִּקְרוּם בֵּיצָה, שְׁנִיָּה לָהּ כְּצֶמֶר לָבָן, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, הַשְּׂאֵת כְּצֶמֶר לָבָן, שְׁנִיָּה לָהּ כִּקְרוּם בֵּיצָה:

The appearances of <i>Negaim</i> [diseased patches on skin, clothes, or houses that create impurity] are two which are four: <i>Baheret</i> is bright [white] like snow, its subsidiary is like the lime of the Temple. <i>Se'et</i> is like the membrane of an egg, its subsidiary is like white wool; the words of Rabbi Meir. The Sages say, <i>Se'et</i> is like white wool, its subsidiary is like the membrane of an egg.

הַפָּתוּךְ שֶׁבַּשֶּׁלֶג, כְּיַיִן הַמָּזוּג בְּשָׁלֶג, הַפָּתוּךְ שֶׁבַּסִּיד, כְּדָם הַמָּזוּג בְּחָלָב, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, אֲדַמְדַּם שֶׁבָּזֶה וְשֶׁבָּזֶה, כְּיַיִן הַמָּזוּג בְּמַיִם, אֶלָּא שֶׁל שֶׁלֶג עַזָּה וְשֶׁל סִיד דֵּהָה מִמֶּנָּה:

The <i>Patukh</i> [red-tinge] in the snow [white patch] is like wine poured into snow. The <i>Patukh</i> in the lime [patch] is like blood poured into milk. These are the words of Rabbi Yishmael. Rabbi Akiva says: The ruddiness of this [one] and that [one] is like wine poured into water, except that of the snow [patch] is brighter and that of the lime is duller than it.

אַרְבָּעָה מַרְאוֹת הָאֵלּוּ מִצְטָרְפִין זֶה עִם זֶה לִפְטֹר, וּלְהַחְלִיט, וּלְהַסְגִּיר. לְהַסְגִּיר אֶת הָעוֹמֵד בְּסוֹף שָׁבוּעַ רִאשׁוֹן. לִפְטֹר אֶת הָעוֹמֵד בְּסוֹף שָׁבוּעַ שֵׁנִי. לְהַחְלִיט אֶת שֶׁנּוֹלַד לוֹ מִחְיָה אוֹ שֵׂעָר לָבָן, בַּתְּחִלָּה, בְּסוֹף שָׁבוּעַ רִאשׁוֹן, בְּסוֹף שָׁבוּעַ שֵׁנִי, לְאַחַר הַפְּטוּר. לְהַחְלִיט אֶת שֶׁנּוֹלַד לוֹ פִשְׂיוֹן, בְּסוֹף שָׁבוּעַ רִאשׁוֹן, בְּסוֹף שָׁבוּעַ שֵׁנִי, לְאַחַר הַפְּטוּר. לְהַחְלִיט אֶת הַהוֹפֵךְ כֻּלּוֹ לָבָן מִתּוֹךְ הַפְּטוּר. לִפְטֹר אֶת הַהוֹפֵךְ כֻּלּוֹ לָבָן מִתּוֹךְ הֶחְלֵט אוֹ מִתּוֹךְ הֶסְגֵּר. אֵלּוּ מַרְאוֹת נְגָעִים שֶׁכָּל נְגָעִים תְּלוּיִם בָּהֶן:

These four appearances [of <i>Negaim</i>] combine, one with the other, to exempt [one from impurity], to decide [that one is impure], or to quarantine [one of uncertain status]. [They combine] to quarantine that which remains [unchanged] at the end of the first week [from reporting the <i>Nega</i>]. [They combine] to exempt that which remains [unchanged] at the end of the second week. [They combine] to decide that which develops healthy skin [in the area of the <i>Nega</i>] or white hair, [whether] initially, at the end of the first week, at the end of the second week, [or] after the exemption. [They combine] to decide that which develops spreading, [whether] at the end of the first week, at the end of the second week, [or] after the exemption. [They combine] to decide that which turns completely white, [coming] from [the state of] exemption. [They combine] to exempt one who turns completely white, [coming] from [the state of] the decision [that he was impure] or from quarantine. These are the appearances of <i>Negaim</i> which all <i>Negaim</i> are based upon.

רַבִּי חֲנִינָא סְגַן הַכֹּהֲנִים אוֹמֵר, מַרְאוֹת נְגָעִים שִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר. רַבִּי דוֹסָא בֶּן הַרְכִּינַס אוֹמֵר, מַרְאוֹת נְגָעִים שְׁלשִׁים וְשִׁשָּׁה. עֲקַבְיָא בֶן מַהֲלַלְאֵל אוֹמֵר, שִׁבְעִים וּשְׁנָיִם. רַבִּי חֲנִינָא סְגַן הַכֹּהֲנִים אוֹמֵר, אֵין רוֹאִים אֶת הַנְּגָעִים בַּתְּחִלָּה לְאַחַר הַשַּׁבָּת, שֶׁשָּׁבוּעַ שֶׁלּוֹ חָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת. וְלֹא בַשֵּׁנִי, שֶׁשָּׁבוּעַ שֵׁנִי שֶׁלּוֹ חָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת. וְלֹא בַשְּׁלִישִׁי לַבָּתִּים, שֶׁשָּׁבוּעַ שְׁלִישִׁי שֶׁלּוֹ חָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, לְעוֹלָם רוֹאִים. חָל לִהְיוֹת בְּתוֹךְ הַשַּׁבָּת, מַעֲבִירִין לְאַחַר הַשַּׁבָּת. וְיֵשׁ בַּדָּבָר לְהָקֵל וּלְהַחְמִיר:

Rabbi Chanania the vice of the priests says: The appearances of <i>Negaim</i> are sixteen. Rabbi Dosa ben Harkinas says: The appearances of <i>Negaim</i> are thirty-six. Akavia ben Mahalalel says: seventy-two. Rabbi Chanania the vice of the priests says: One may not examine the <i>Negaim</i> initially after Shabbat [in order to diagnose them] because then [the end of] his week [of impurity] will fall on Shabbat. And not on the second day [of the week] because then [the end of] his second week will fall on Shabbat. And not on the third day [of the week] for the case of [the <i>Nega</i> afflicting] houses, because then [the end of] its third week will fall on Shabbat. Rabbi Akiva says: One always examines. If [the end of the week] fell out on Shabbat, they would push off [the examination] until after Shabbat. And this matter has both leniency and stringency.

כֵּיצַד לְהָקֵל. הָיָה בוֹ שֵׂעָר לָבָן וְהָלַךְ לוֹ שֵׂעָר לָבָן, הָיוּ לְבָנוֹת וְהִשְׁחִירוּ, אַחַת לְבָנָה וְאַחַת שְׁחוֹרָה, וְהִשְׁחִירוּ שְׁתֵּיהֶן, אֲרֻכּוֹת וְהִקְצִירוּ, אַחַת אֲרֻכָּה וְאַחַת קְצָרָה וְהִקְצִירוּ שְׁתֵּיהֶן, נִסְמַךְ הַשְּׁחִין לִשְׁתֵּיהֶן אוֹ לְאַחַת מֵהֶן, הִקִּיף הַשְּׁחִין לִשְׁתֵּיהֶן אוֹ לְאַחַת מֵהֶן, אוֹ חִלְּקָן הַשְּׁחִין וּמִחְיַת הַשְּׁחִין וְהַמִּכְוָה וּמִחְיַת הַמִּכְוָה וְהַבֹּהַק, הָיְתָה בוֹ מִחְיָה וְהָלְכָה לָהּ הַמִּחְיָה, הָיְתָה מְרֻבַּעַת וְנַעֲשֵׂית עֲגֻלָּה אוֹ אֲרֻכָּה, מְבֻצֶּרֶת וְנַעֲשֵׂית מִן הַצַּד, מְכֻנֶּסֶת וְנִתְפַּזְּרָה, וּבָא הַשְּׁחִין וְנִכְנַס בְּתוֹכָהּ. הִקִּיפָהּ, חִלְּקָהּ, אוֹ מִעֲטָהּ הַשְּׁחִין אוֹ מִחְיַת הַשְּׁחִין, וְהַמִּכְוָה וּמִחְיַת הַמִּכְוָה וְהַבֹּהַק, הָיָה בוֹ פִסְיוֹן וְהָלַךְ לוֹ פִסְיוֹן, אוֹ שֶׁהָלְכָה לָהּ הָאוֹם אוֹ שֶׁנִּתְמַעֲטָה וְאֵין בָּזֶה וּבָזֶה כַגְּרִיס, הַשְּׁחִין וּמִחְיַת הַשְּׁחִין וְהַמִּכְוָה וּמִחְיַת הַמִּכְוָה וְהַבֹּהַק חוֹלְקִין בֵּין הָאוֹם לַפִּסְיוֹן, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ לְהָקֵל:

How [is waiting until after Shabbat considered] a leniency? [If] he had in [the <i>Nega</i>] white hair [on Shabbat] and [after Shabbat] the white hair disappeared from it, [or if] if there were white [hairs] and they blackened, [or if there were] one white and one black, and the two of them blackened, [or if the hairs were] long and they were shortened, [or if there were] one long and one short, and the two of them were shortened, [or if] a boil encroached upon the two of them or upon one of them, [or if] a boil surrounded the two of them or one of them, or divided them - [this refers to] a boil, a partly-healed boil, a burn, a partly-healed burn, or a <i>Bohak</i> [very white blemish]. [Other cases of leniency include if the skin] had a healed part and then the healed part went away, [or if the area of the <i>Nega</i>] was square and became circular or stretched, [or if a healed part of skin] was surrounded [by a <i>Nega</i>] and then [the <i>Nega</i>] moved to the side, [or if the healed part of skin] was concentrated and then became scattered, [or if] a boil came and went into [the healed part of the skin], surrounded it, split it, or diminished it - [this refers to] a boil, a partly-healed boil, a burn, a partly-healed burn, or a <i>Bohak</i>. [Other cases of leniency include if the <i>Nega</i>] had an extension and then the extension went away, or if the original [<i>Nega</i>] went away, or it decreased [so that] there was not between this one and that one [i.e. between the original and the extension] an [area of] a bean, [or if a] boil, a partly-healed boil, a burn, a partly-healed burn, or a <i>Bohak</i> separate between the original and its expansion. These are [cases in which waiting until after Shabbat is considered a] leniency.

כֵּיצַד לְהַחְמִיר. לֹא הָיָה בוֹ שֵׂעָר לָבָן וְנוֹלַד לוֹ שֵׂעָר לָבָן, הָיוּ שְׁחוֹרוֹת וְהִלְבִּינוּ, אַחַת שְׁחוֹרָה וְאַחַת לְבָנָה וְהִלְבִּינוּ שְׁתֵּיהֶן, קְצָרוֹת וְהֶאֱרִיכוּ, אַחַת קְצָרָה וְאַחַת אֲרֻכָּה וְהֶאֱרִיכוּ שְׁתֵּיהֶן, נִסְמַךְ הַשְּׁחִין לִשְׁתֵּיהֶן אוֹ לְאַחַת מֵהֶן, הִקִּיף הַשְּׁחִין אֶת שְׁתֵּיהֶן אוֹ אֶת אַחַת מֵהֶן, אוֹ חִלְּקוֹ הַשְּׁחִין וּמִחְיַת הַשְּׁחִין וְהַמִּכְוָה וּמִחְיַת הַמִּכְוָה וְהַבֹּהַק וְהָלְכוּ לָהֶם, לֹא הָיְתָה בוֹ מִחְיָה וְנוֹלְדָה לוֹ מִחְיָה, הָיְתָה עֲגֻלָּה אוֹ אֲרֻכָּה וְנַעֲשֵׂית מְרֻבַּעַת, מִן הַצַּד וְנַעֲשֵׂית מְבֻצֶּרֶת, מְפֻזֶּרֶת וְנִתְכַּנְּסָה וּבָא הַשְּׁחִין וְנִכְנַס בְּתוֹכָהּ, הִקִּיפָהּ, חִלְּקָהּ, אוֹ מִעֲטָהּ הַשְּׁחִין אוֹ מִחְיַת הַשְּׁחִין וְהַמִּכְוָה וּמִחְיַת הַמִּכְוָה וְהַבֹּהַק וְהָלְכוּ לָהֶן, לֹא הָיָה בוֹ פִסְיוֹן וְנוֹלַד בּוֹ פִסְיוֹן, הַשְּׁחִין וּמִחְיַת הַשְּׁחִין וְהַמִּכְוָה וּמִחְיַת הַמִּכְוָה וְהַבֹּהַק חוֹלְקִין בֵּין הָאוֹם לַפִּסְיוֹן וְהָלְכוּ לָהֶן, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ לְהַחְמִיר:

How [is waiting until after Shabbat considered] a stringency? [If] he did not have in [the <i>Nega</i>] white hair [on Shabbat] and [after Shabbat] white hair grew in it, [or if] there were black [hairs] and they whitened, [or if] one was black and one was white and the two of them whitened, [or if the hairs were] short and they were lengthened, [or if there were] one long and one short, and the two of them were lengthened, [or if on Shabbat] a boil encroached upon the two of them or upon one of them, [or if] a boil surrounded the two of them or one of them, or divided them - [this refers to] a boil, a partly-healed boil, a burn, a partly-healed burn, or a <i>Bohak</i> - and went away [after Shabbat]. [Other cases of leniency include if the skin] did not have a healed part and then grew a healed part, [or if the area of the <i>Nega</i>] was circular or stretched and became square, [or if a healed part of skin] had from the side [a <i>Nega</i>] and then became surrounded, [or if the healed part of skin] was scattered and then became concentrated, [or if] a boil came and went into [the healed part of the skin], surrounded it, split it, or diminished it - [this refers to] a boil, a partly-healed boil, a burn, a partly-healed burn, or a <i>Bohak</i> - and went away [after Shabbat], [or if the <i>Nega</i>] did not have an extension and then grew an extension, [or if a] boil, a partly-healed boil, a burn, a partly-healed burn, or a <i>Bohak</i> separate between the original and its expansion and went away [after Shabbat]. These are [cases in which waiting until after Shabbat is considered a] stringency.