Nedarim 1

כָּל כִּנּוּיֵי נְדָרִים כִּנְדָרִים, וַחֲרָמִים כַּחֲרָמִים, וּשְׁבוּעוֹת כִּשְׁבוּעוֹת, וּנְזִירוּת כִּנְזִירוּת. הָאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵרוֹ, מֻדָּרְנִי מִמְּךָ, מֻפְרָשְׁנִי מִמְּךָ, מְרֻחָקְנִי מִמְּךָ, שֶׁאֵינִי אוֹכֵל לָךְ, שֶׁאֵינִי טוֹעֵם לָךְ, אָסוּר. מְנֻדֶּה אֲנִי לָךְ, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא הָיָה חוֹכֵךְ בָּזֶה לְהַחֲמִיר. כְּנִדְרֵי רְשָׁעִים, נָדַר בְּנָזִיר, וּבְקָרְבָּן, וּבִשְׁבוּעָה. כְּנִדְרֵי כְשֵׁרִים, לֹא אָמַר כְּלוּם. כְּנִדְבוֹתָם, נָדַר בְּנָזִיר וּבְקָרְבָּן:

All epithets (kinuyei) of vows are like vows. [The gemara explains that the first part of our Mishnah is lacking and that this is what is meant: All yadoth ("hands") of vows are like vows; all epithets of vows are like vows. These are yadoth of vows: If one says to his neighbor: "I am 'bevowed' from you," "I am separate from you," etc. These are epithets of vows: "Konam," "Konach," "Konas," etc. "Hands of vows": (yadoth) of vows, by which the vows are held. "Kinyei nedarim" ("epithets of vows"), as in (Bava Metzia 58b) "hamechaneh shem lechavero" ("one who calls his friend by an epithet", the "epithet" (nickname) not being the name per se.] And (epithets) of dedications are like dedications, and (epithets) of oaths are like oaths, and (epithets) of Naziritism are like Naziritism. If one says to his neighbor: "I am 'bevowed' from you," "I am separate from you," "I am distanced from you," "That I not eat from you," "That I not taste from you," he is forbidden (to do so). [If he used one of these expressions: "I am 'bevowed' from you that I not eat from you and that I not taste from you," or: "I am separate from you that I not eat from you and that I not taste from you," or: "I am distanced from you that I not eat from you and that I not taste from you," these are "yadoth" ("hands") of vows, and he is forbidden to eat and taste from him. But if he said: "I am 'bevowed' from you" alone, his words imply only that he will not speak with him. And "I am separate from you" alone implies only that he will not deal with him. And "I am distanced from you" alone implies only that he will not sit in his four cubits. But he is not forbidden to eat with him unless he specifies with each one of these expressions: "that I not eat from you and that I not taste from you."] (If one said:) "I am removed ("menudeh") from you" — R. Akiva would compress 'his lips' on this towards stringency, [not wanting to say that it forbade (as a vow), but it being apparent that he held it to do so.] "As the vows of the wicked, a vow, with Nazirite and with offering, an oath." "As the vows of the upright," he has said nothing. [If he said: "I take it upon myself as the vows of the wicked, whose vows are Nazirite and offering — an oath not to eat this loaf," if he transgressed and ate it, he must be a Nazirite for thirty days, and bring a burnt-offering, and he is liable to stripes as one transgressing a vain oath; for he mentioned in his vow "Nazirite," "offering," and "oath." As to his saying: "As the vows of the wicked," this is because it is the wicked who make vows and oaths, not the upright, the upright fearing the transgression of non-fulfillment (of vows) and taking heed not to utter oaths. Therefore, if one says: "As the vows of the upright," he has said nothing.] "As their gifts, a vow, with Nazirite and with offering." [If he said: "As the gifts of the upright, I shall be a Nazirite, and this shall be an offering if I eat this loaf," if he ate it, he is liable to Naziritism and to an offering. For the upright sometimes take a vow of Naziritism to separate themselves from what is forbidden. And they give an offering as a gift, bringing their offering to the entrance of the azarah (the Temple court) and consecrating it there, so as not to go astray through it. The expression for a gift is "This (object) is" (a gift), and the expression for a vow "I take it upon myself," for which reason the upright give gifts, but do not vow, so that they not go astray.]

הָאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵרוֹ, קוֹנָם קוֹנָח, קוֹנָס, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִנּוּיִין לְקָרְבָּן. חֵרֶק חֵרֶךְ, חֵר ֵף, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִנּוּיִין לְחֵרֶם. נָזִיק נָזִיחַ, פָּזִיחַ, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִנּוּיִין לִנְזִירוּת. שְׁבוּתָה, שְׁקוּקָה, נָדַר בְּמוֹתָא, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִנּוּיִין לִשְׁבוּעָה:

If one says to his neighbor: "Konam," "Konach," "Konas," these are epithets of "korban" (offering). [They are gentile expressions, some referring to an offering by one (of these terms); some, by another. With each, he refers to an offering.] "Cherek," "Cherech," "Cheref" — these are epithets of "cherem" (dedication). "Nazik," "Naziach," "Paziach" — these are epithets of "Neziruth" (Naziritism). "Shevutah," "Shekukah," (and) if he vowed with "Mota" [i.e., if he swore with "Motah." "Motah" is an epithet of "Momta," which, in targum, is an oath] — these are epithets for "shevuah" (an oath).

הָאוֹמֵר לֹא חֻלִּין לֹא אֹכַל לָךְ, לֹא כָשֵׁר, וְלֹא דְכֵי, טָהוֹר, וְטָמֵא, נוֹתָר, וּפִגּוּל, אָסוּר. כְּאִמְּרָא, כַּדִּירִין, כָּעֵצִים, כָּאִשִּׁים, כַּמִּזְבֵּחַ, כַּהֵיכָל, כִּירוּשָׁלָיִם, נָדַר בְּאֶחָד מִכָּל מְשַׁמְּשֵׁי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא הִזְכִּיר קָרְבָּן, הֲרֵי זֶה נָדַר בְּקָרְבָּן. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, הָאוֹמֵר יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, לֹא אָמַר כְּלוּם:

If one says: "Lachullin; I shall not eat from you" [The "lamed" is voweled by a patach, the denotation being: Not chullin (mundane food) shall be what I eat from you, but consecrated food.] "Not kasher (fit)" [shall it be, but pasul (unfit), i.e., consecrated food, which is susceptible of "fitness" and "unfitness."], "Not dachi" [Not permitted, as in (Avodah Zarah 37a): "Ayal kamtza (a type of locust) dachan" ("is permitted"). And even though the terms "permitted" and "forbidden" apply also in the context of (animals which are) neveilah (carcass) and treifah (organically defective), and we rule that vows "take" only in respect to what is vowed and what is given (and not in respect to something forbidden in itself), since "permitted" can also be used in the context of consecrated food, it was taught that with unqualified vows we follow the stringent option. For since he wished the vow to "take" here, we say that (in his words) he intended what is vowed (and not what is forbidden in itself)], "Pure" [If he said: "Not pure what I eat from you"], "Unclean," "Nothar" (left-over sacrifices), "Piggul" (invalidated sacrifices), it is forbidden. [If he said: "Unclean, what I eat from you," and so, with the others, it is forbidden (to eat from him), for all of these (expressions) apply to consecrated food.] "As imra" [As the lamb of sacrifice], "As dirin" [the (Temple) wood shed or cattle shed], "As the fire-offerings," As the altar" [As the offerings upon the altar.], "As the sanctuary" [As the offerings of the sanctuary], "As Jerusalem" [As the offerings in Jerusalem. Another interpretation: As the walls of Jerusalem (he holds these walls to come from the surplus of the Temple treasury)], If he vowed with any of the altar appurtenances [such as forks, sprinkling bowls, and fire-pans. If he said: "As the forks, what I eat from you," or "As the sprinkling bowls, what I eat from you," and so, with the others], even though he did not say "Korban" ("An offering"), it is as if he had vowed with "Korban." R. Yehudah says: If one says: "Jerusalem" [without the chaf ("As")], he has said nothing. [The first tanna differs, and the halachah is not in accordance with R. Yehudah.]

הָאוֹמֵר, קָרְבָּן, עוֹלָה, מִנְחָה, חַטָּאת, תּוֹדָה, שְׁלָמִים שֶׁאֵינִי אוֹכֵל לָךְ, אָסוּר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה מַתִּיר. הַקָּרְבָּן, כְּקָרְבָּן, קָרְבָּן שֶׁאֹכַל לָךְ, אָסוּר. לְקָרְבָּן לֹא אֹכַל לָךְ, רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹסֵר. הָאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵרוֹ, קוֹנָם פִּי הַמְדַבֵּר עִמָּךְ, יָדִי עוֹשָׂה עִמָּךְ, רַגְלִי מְהַלֶּכֶת עִמָּךְ, אָסוּר:

If one says: "An offering," "A burnt-offering," "A meal-offering," "A sin-offering," "A thank-offering," "A peace-offering" (shall be) what I eat from you, it is forbidden (to eat from him). [All of these offerings are obligatory (and a thank-offering, too, is like an obligatory one, for "Four must give thanks, etc.," so that (if we were not apprised otherwise) we might think that this is not called "vowing with respect to what is vowed."] R. Yehudah permits it. [Since he says it without a "chaf" ("As a sin-offering, etc."), it is like swearing by the life of the offering and by the life of the burnt-offering, so that neither vow nor oath obtains. The first part of the Mishnah apprises us that the first tanna differs with R. Yehudah even with respect to "Jerusalem" if he mentioned it without a chaf, holding it to be a vow. And the second part apprises us that R. Yehudah differs with the first tanna even with respect to "offering," "burnt-offering," and "meal-offering, etc." when he mentions them without a chaf, holding them not to be vows.] "The offering," "As the offering," "An offering" that I shall not eat from you — it is forbidden. [Even though all of these were already mentioned, "The offering" is necessary; for we might think that he intends thereby "By the life of the offering" (i.e., an oath), As to our learning (2:2): "'The offering that I not eat from you' — it is permitted," in that instance he says: "This offering," which connotes "By the life of the offering."] "Lekorban that I not eat from you," R. Meir forbids it. [For it is construed as "Lekorban yeheh" ("Let it be as an offering"), for which reason I shall not eat from you. The halachah is not in accordance with R. Meir.] If one says to his neighbor: "konam my mouth that speaks with you," "my hand that does with you," "my foot that walks with you," it is forbidden. [Even though vows do not "take" with something intangible, and speech is intangible, still, when he says: "Konam my mouth that speaks with you," he constrains the mouth from speaking, and the mouth is tangible. Likewise, let my hands be constrained from doing, and my feet from walking, and the like.]