Mischna
Mischna

Kommentar zu Rosh Hashanah 1:3

עַל שִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים הַשְּׁלוּחִין יוֹצְאִין, עַל נִיסָן מִפְּנֵי הַפֶּסַח, עַל אָב מִפְּנֵי הַתַּעֲנִית, עַל אֱלוּל מִפְּנֵי רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה, עַל תִּשְׁרֵי מִפְּנֵי תַקָּנַת הַמּוֹעֲדוֹת, עַל כִּסְלֵו מִפְּנֵי חֲנֻכָּה, וְעַל אֲדָר מִפְּנֵי הַפּוּרִים. וּכְשֶׁהָיָה בֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קַיָּם, יוֹצְאִין אַף עַל אִיָּר מִפְּנֵי פֶסַח קָטָן:

Sechs Monate lang gehen Boten aus. [Als Beth-Din den Neumond heiligte, sandten sie (Boten) aus, um das Exil darüber zu informieren, an welchem ​​Tag sie geheiligt hatten, ob am dreißigsten, so dass der vergangene Monat fehlerhaft war; oder der einunddreißigste, so dass der vergangene Monat voll war. (Und die Boten von Beth-Din dürfen weder Schabbat noch Jom Tov entweihen.)]: Für Nissan, wie es (das Datum von) Pesach betrifft; für Av, da es das Fasten (des neunten von Av) betrifft [mehr Bedrängnisse haben uns dann getroffen als an (den Daten von) den anderen Fasten.]; für Elul, wie es Rosch Haschana betrifft [Sie bestätigen uns, wenn es Elul ist, und Rosch Haschana wird am dreißigsten Elul im Exil beobachtet. In den meisten Jahren ist Elul nicht interkaliert. Und obwohl es die Möglichkeit gibt, dass Beth-Din es interkaliert, haben sie (die im Exil) keine Möglichkeit, dies zu wissen, so dass sie notgedrungen den größten Teil der Jahre folgen müssen. Und wenn sie nicht wüssten, wann Elul anfing, würden sie seinen dreißigsten Tag nicht kennen.]; für Tishrei, da es die ordnungsgemäße Einrichtung der Festivals beeinflusst. [Die Boten gehen am Tag nach der Heiligung von Tishrei durch Beth-Din aus und gehen so weit wie möglich bis zum Fest, um ihnen mitzuteilen, ob Beth-Din Elul eingelagert hat oder nicht, damit sie Yom Kippur und Succoth nicht beunruhigen (as ob sie sie zu ihren richtigen Zeiten beobachten)]; für Kislev, wie es Channukah betrifft; und für Adar, wie es Purim betrifft. Und wenn der Tempel stand, gingen sie auch nach Iyyar, da dies "den kleinen Pesach" [Pesach Sheni] betrifft.

Bartenura on Mishnah Rosh Hashanah

שלוחין יוצאין – When the Jewish court sanctified the New Moon, they send out and announce to the Diaspora the day which they sanctified it (i.e., the beginning of the new month), if it is on the thirtieth day and the previous month was missing [a day], [or] on the thirty-first day and the previous month was full. And the messengers of the Jewish court do not violate either the Sabbath or the Festivals.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Rosh Hashanah

There are six months [at the beginning of which] messengers go out.
On Nisan because of Pesah;
On Av because of the fast.
On Elul because of Rosh Hashanah.
On Tishri because of the setting of the festivals.
On Kislev because of Hanukah.
And on Adar because of Purim.
When the Temple stood, they used also to go out to report Iyar because of Pesah Katan (Pesah.

In order to know what date holidays would fall on, people would need to know on what day the previous month had begun. This would be simple for those living in and near Jerusalem because they could immediately find out whether the court had decreed the thirtieth day of the previous month to be Rosh Hodesh. Our mishnah teaches that they used to send out messengers from Jerusalem so that people who lived further away could also find out when Rosh Hodesh had been decreed. However, they did not send these messengers out every month of the year, only on months which contained holidays.
Most of this mishnah is self-explanatory. Note that messengers do not need to go out for Shavuot because once one knows when Pesah falls, the date of Shavuot is known automatically.
Section two: “The fast” refers to Tisha B’av, the Ninth of Av.
Section three: Messengers would go out on Elul so that people would be able to celebrate Rosh Hashanah on the thirtieth day of Elul, lest that day turns out to be the first of Tishri. They would celebrate Rosh Hashanah on the next day as well, lest Elul has thirty days.
Section four: On Tishri the messengers would go out so that people would know when Yom Kippur and Sukkot fall.
Section seven: Pesah Sheni was the second chance for people to offer the pesah sacrifice if they did not offer it the first time (see Numbers 9:10-11 and Mishnah Pesahim 9:1). After the destruction of the Temple this holiday lost any practical relevance. We should note that by noting that when the Temple stood messengers went out for Pesah Sheni the mishnah also teaches that for all of the rest of the holidays the messengers still go out. After the destruction of the Temple only Pesah Sheni has lost its relevance.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Rosh Hashanah

ועל אב מפני התענית – since troubles were doubled more than on the rest of the Fast Days.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Rosh Hashanah

ועל אלול מפני ר"ה – We announce when [the month of ] Elul ‘begins] and we make Rosh Hashanah on the thirtieth day of Elul in the Diaspora, since in most years, Elul is not a leap month, and even though there was a doubt in their hands lest the Jewish Court make it a leap month, it is impossible for them to know [definitely], and perforce we go after the majority of years, for if they did not know when [Elul] begins, they did not know when its thirtieth day.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Rosh Hashanah

ועל תשרי מפני תקנת המועדות – for after the Jewish court had sanctified Tishrei, the messengers went out on the day afterwards and went until the place where they were able to arrive until the Holiday (i.e., Sukkot) and they would announce to them if the Jewish court had made Elul a leap month or not, in order that they would not have scruples about [if they were celebrating] Yom Kippur and Sukkot [at the proper time].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Rosh Hashanah

פסח קטן – The Second Passover (14 Iyar)
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