Mischna
Mischna

Kommentar zu Moed Katan 3:7

אֵין קוֹרְעִין, וְלֹא חוֹלְצִין, וְאֵין מַבְרִין, אֶלָּא קְרוֹבָיו שֶׁל מֵת, וְאֵין מַבְרִין אֶלָּא עַל מִטָּה זְקוּפָה. אֵין מוֹלִיכִין לְבֵית הָאֵבֶל לֹא בְּטַבְלָא וְלֹא בְאִסְקוּטְלָא וְלֹא בְקָנוֹן, אֶלָּא בְסַלִּים. וְאֵין אוֹמְרִים בִּרְכַּת אֲבֵלִים בַּמּוֹעֵד, אֲבָל עוֹמְדִין בְּשׁוּרָה וּמְנַחֲמִין וּפוֹטְרִין אֶת הָרַבִּים:

Nur die nahen Verwandten der Toten zerreißen (ihre Gewänder), nackt (ihre Schultern) und erhalten das Trauermahl [auf Chol Hamoed. (Die oben genannten werden durchgeführt für) Vater und Mutter, Sohn und Tochter, Bruder und Schwester und Frau. Dies sind die sieben, um die man trauern muss. Man zerlegt seine Kleider nicht auf Chol Hamoed für andere Verwandte, um die er nicht trauern muss. Dies nur, wenn er kein Weiser oder G-tt-fürchtender Mann und Mizwoth-Macher wäre. Aber alle sind die Verwandten eines Weisen, der gestorben ist, und alle reißen ihre Kleider über ihn, sogar auf Chol Hamoed, und ebenso für jemanden, von dem bekannt war, dass er aufrecht und heilig ist. Und alle, die am Ablauf der Seele eines Juden stehen, müssen ihre Kleider zerreißen, sogar auf Chol Hamoed. Für Vater und Mutter zu zerreißen bedeutet, alle seine Gewänder zu zerreißen, bis er sein Herz entblößt. Er zerreißt mit seiner Hand und trennt die Oberkante des Kleidungsstücks und zerreißt es von außen, ohne dabei seine Hand unter seine Kleidungsstücke zu stecken. Er kann sie nach dreißig Tagen heften, aber er kann sie niemals zusammennähen. Und so mit seinem Lehrer, der ihn die Tora lehrte. Aber für seine anderen Verwandten zerreißt er allein eine Handbreite des Oberbekleidungsstücks. Und er kann mit einem Instrument zerreißen, wenn er es wünscht und er muss die Kante nicht trennen, und er kann seine Hand unter seine Gewänder legen, wenn er zerreißt. Und er bastelt nach Shivah und näht nach Shloshim zusammen. Das Zerreißen erfolgt nur im Stehen. Und bei Chol Hamoed gibt es kein Entblößen von Armen und Schultern. Das Mahl der Trauernden ist das erste Mahl (nach dem Begräbnis), das der Trauernde möglicherweise nicht für sich selbst zubereitet und das andere ihm am offenen Ort der Stadt zur Verfügung gestellt haben. Und auf Chol Hamoed haben nur seine Verwandten das Essen (und nicht an einem offenen Ort, sondern) in seinem Haus.] Und das Essen der Trauernden wird nur auf einem aufrechten Bett gegessen. [Selbst in seinem Haus wird ihm das Essen der Trauernden nicht auf einem umgestürzten Bett serviert. Denn alle seine Verwandten und engen Bekannten aßen regelmäßig (das Essen der Trauernden) mit ihm auf einem umgestürzten Bett; aber auf Chol Hamoed würden sie es nur auf einem aufrechten Bett essen.] Das Essen der Trauernden wird nicht [zum Haus der Trauernden] auf einem Tablett ["ehrenhaft"] oder auf einem Salver [aus Silber, Gold oder Glas] gebracht. Ich habe eine silberne Schale gehört (interpretiert als).] Oder in einem Schilfkorb, aber in einem Korb [aus geschälter Weide, um die Armen nicht in Verlegenheit zu bringen, die kommen, um das Essen zu bringen, und die weder Tablett noch Salver haben. ] Und der Segen der Trauernden wird nicht auf Chol Hamoed rezitiert, sondern sie stehen in einer Reihe und trösten (die Trauernden), und die dort Versammelten dürfen sofort gehen.

Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

אין קורעין – on the Festival (i.e., during Hol HaMoed/The Intermediate Days of the Festival), other than the relatives of the deceased – for his mother and his father and for his son and his daughter and for his brother and his sister and for his wife – for these seven deceased individuals that one is obliged to mourn over them. But on the rest of the relations that one is not obligated to mourn over them, one does not tear [clothing] over them during the Festival, and we don’t say this other than over someone who is not a Sage or a worthy person or an individual who was [filled] with good deeds. But a Sage that died, everyone is his relative, and everyone tears [their clothing] upon him even during the Festival. And similarly regarding a person who is known for his worthiness and piety. And all who stand at the time of the departure of the soul of every person from the Jews is obligated to tear [his clothing] even during the Festival. And the tearing on [hearing of the passing of] one’s father and mother is with his entire garment until he reveals his heart, and he tears with his hand and separates the upper border of the garment, and he tears from the outside, for he does not bring his hand inside underneath his garment while he is tearing it, and stitches it after thirty days, and he does not mend the garment torn in mourning ever. And similarly, regarding his Rabbi who taught him Torah. But on all the rest of he relatives, you tear a handbreadth only from the upper part of the garment, and one tears it with a utensil if one desires, and one does not have to separate the border, and he has to bring in his hand under his garment when he is tearing it and he can re-stitch it after seven [days], and sew together the the tear after thirty [days]. And tearing of the clothing is done only while standing.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Moed Katan

They do not rend [their clothes] or bare [their shoulders], or provide a meal [for the mourners] except for the relatives of the dead.
And they do not provide a meal except on an upright couch.
They do not bring [food] to the house of mourning on an [ornamental] tray, platter, or flat basket, but in plain baskets.
And they do not say the mourners’ blessing during the festival.
But they may stand in a row and comfort [the mourners] and [the mourners] may formally dismiss the community. Section one: When one heard that a close relative had died, one would rend whatever clothes they were wearing. Baring the shoulder was also a sign of mourning. The mourner was provided by the community with the first meal after the funeral. On Hol Hamoed only a close relative would perform these practices. Others would not. I should note that today only close relatives do these actions in any case. The circle of mourners was bigger in the Talmudic period. Section two: It was customary to overturn the bed during mourning and then sit on the bed as a sign of mourning. But one does not overturn the bed during Hol Hamoed. This practice fell into disuse sometime after the Talmudic period. Section three: This halakhah is true in all cases. When bringing food to the mourner, they should bring it in plain baskets. A source in the Talmud relates that originally people would use fancy silver and gold vessels, but poor people would be embarrassed that they could not afford such fancy funerals and mourning homes. As a response the rabbis decreed that everyone must bring in a simple vessel. The mourning home is not a place where one should be showing off one’s wealth. Section four: The mourners’ blessing was stated on return from burial. They would stand in a line and comfort the mourner with this blessing. It may have also been recited at other points as well. But it is a public sign of mourning and should not be done on Hol Hamoed. Section five: While the blessing is not recited on Hol Hamoed, burial is. Along with the burial, they may have the formal line of comforters that would accompany the mourners on their way home. The same goes true for the official words that the mourner seems to have said to the comforters, to allow them to go home without accompanying the mourner all the way home.

Today’s Mishnah discusses mourning practices not observed during Hol Hamoed. It is interesting to note that this Mishnah is one of the main sources of the laws of mourning. It seems, at least to me, that the Mishnah did not feel it was necessary to teach people how to mourn. People just knew what to do. The only reason they are mentioned is to let people know when not to observe these practices.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

ולא חולצין במועד – the untying of the shoulder where their arms and shoulders are revealed.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

ולא מברין – the first meal, for a mourner is prohibited to eat of his own and it is customary to provide the meal to him in the street of the city, but on the Festival we don’t provide the meal of consolation other than his relatives inside his house.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

ואין מברין אלא על מטות זקופות – and even within the house we don’t provide him with the meal of consolation on mattresses on or near the floor, for it is customary in he rest of the days of the year for all of his relatives and he whose heart is haughty to eat with him while his mattress is on or near the ground, and during the Festivals, we do not serve the meal of consolation other than on raised beds.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

ואין מוליכין – the meal to the house of the mourner.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

לא בטבלא – the manner of honor.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

ולא באסקוטלא – flipping a small table of silver or of gold or of glass. But I heard a bowl of silver, for in the foreign tongue, they call the bowl “Shekudila.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

אלא בסלין – of peeled willow twigs, in order not to embarrass the poor that come to serve a condolence meal and lack a collection of bells or a small table.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

ופוטרין את הרבים – give them the permission to go immediately.
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