Mischna
Mischna

Kommentar zu Bava Kamma 4:1

שׁוֹר שֶׁנָּגַח אַרְבָּעָה וַחֲמִשָּׁה שְׁוָרִים זֶה אַחַר זֶה, יְשַׁלֵּם לָאַחֲרוֹן שֶׁבָּהֶם. וְאִם יֶשׁ בּוֹ מוֹתָר, יַחֲזִיר לְשֶׁלְּפָנָיו. וְאִם יֶשׁ בּוֹ מוֹתָר, יַחֲזִיר לְשֶׁלִּפְנֵי פָנָיו. וְהָאַחֲרוֹן אַחֲרוֹן נִשְׂכָּר, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, שׁוֹר שָׁוֶה מָאתַיִם שֶׁנָּגַח שׁוֹר שָׁוֶה מָאתַיִם, וְאֵין הַנְּבֵלָה יָפָה כְלוּם, זֶה נוֹטֵל מָנֶה וְזֶה נוֹטֵל מָנֶה. חָזַר וְנָגַח שׁוֹר אַחֵר שָׁוֶה מָאתַיִם, הָאַחֲרוֹן נוֹטֵל מָנֶה, וְשֶׁלְּפָנָיו, זֶה נוֹטֵל חֲמִשִּׁים זוּז וְזֶה נוֹטֵל חֲמִשִּׁים זוּז. חָזַר וְנָגַח שׁוֹר אַחֵר שָׁוֶה מָאתַיִם, הָאַחֲרוֹן נוֹטֵל מָנֶה, וְשֶׁלְּפָנָיו, חֲמִשִּׁים זוּז, וּשְׁנַיִם הָרִאשׁוֹנִים, דִּינַר זָהָב:

Wenn ein Ochse vier oder fünf Ochsen nacheinander gefressen hat [und bei allen war es ein Tam, der von seinem Körper bezahlt], zahlt er [einen halben Nezek] an den letzten von ihnen [zuerst. Die Gemara erklärt den Fall als einen, in dem der Nizak den Ochsen des Mazik ergriffen hat, um ihn zu sammeln. In diesem Fall wird er ein Shomer Sachar (ein angeheuerter Wächter), so dass, wenn er seine Hand verlässt und Schaden verursacht, der erste Nizak haftet dafür, weshalb der letzte Nizak einen kompletten halben Nezek erhält.]; und wenn etwas übrig bleibt, kehrt es zu dem (dem Nizak) vor ihm zurück; und wenn etwas übrig bleibt, kehrt es zu dem vor ihm zurück. Und der allerletzte (Nizak) gewinnt. Dies sind die Worte von R. Meir. [Dies ist gemeint: Wenn etwas vom Nezek übrig bleibt, kehrt es zu dem vor ihm zurück. Als ob der halbe Nezek des ersten hundert und der halbe Nezek des letzten fünfzig und der Ochse zweihundert wert wären. Am Anfang, als dieser Ochse den Ochsen des ersten Nizak beförderte, dessen halber Nezek hundert war, besaß der Nizak hundert in diesem Ochsen und sein Besitzer hundert. Und als der Nizak es ergriff und es unter seiner Hand bohrte, sollte der Besitzer seine Hundert nicht darin verlieren, denn die Verantwortung für die Bewachung lag nicht bei ihm, sondern bei dem Nizak, der es ergriff. Und wenn es einen halben Nezek von fünfzig auf den zweiten (Nizak) verursachte, verliert der erste Nizak fünfzig von seinen hundert, die er dem zweiten Nizak gibt, und was übrig bleibt, bis hundert, fällt ihm und dem Besitzer zurück nimmt seine hundert.] R. Shimon sagt: Wenn ein Ochse im Wert von zweihundert einen Ochsen im Wert von zweihundert gefressen hat und der Kadaver nichts wert war, dauert der erste hundert und der zweite hundert. Wenn es danach einen Ochsen im Wert von zweihundert beförderte, nimmt der letzte (Nizak) hundert, und der vor [dh der vorhergehende Nizak] nimmt fünfzig zuz, und dieser [der Besitzer] nimmt fünfzig zuz. [Zum ersten Mal besitzt Nizak die Hälfte des Ochsen, weshalb er die Hälfte seines Nezek bezahlt. R. Shimon ist der Ansicht, dass der Besitzer und der Nizak Partner des Ochsen sind, der Schaden verursacht, und beide für seine Schäden haften. Wie? "Wenn ein Ochse zweihundert wert ist usw."] Wenn er danach einen anderen Ochsen im Wert von zweihundert wert ist, nimmt der letzte (Nizak) einhundert, [eine halbe von wem auch immer er sein mag, denn er zahlt von seinem Körper. So wird festgestellt, dass der Nizak vor ihm, dem die Hälfte davon gehörte, die Hälfte der hundert zahlt, die der letzte nimmt, und der vor ihm fünfzig zuz und die letzten beiden einen goldenen Dinar (jeweils) , [fünfundzwanzig silberne Dinar (fünfundzwanzig zuz). Die ersten beiden, der erste Nizak und der Besitzer, von denen jeder ein Viertel (des Ochsen) besitzt— jeder zahlt ein Viertel seines Schadens.]

Rambam on Mishnah Bava Kamma

An ox that gores 4 or 5 oxen one after the other...
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

שור שנגח ד' וה' - and in all of them it (i.e., the ox) was innocuous and that it pays from his own funds.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Kamma

[If] an ox has gored four or five other oxen, this one after this one: the owner shall pay to [the owner of] the last ox injured. If money remains, it will go to the [the owner of] the previously [injured ox]. If money still remains, it will go to the [the owner of the ox injured] previous to the previously [injured ox]. [The owner of] the last [injured ox] benefits, according to Rabbi Meir.
Rabbi Shimon says, “[If] an ox worth 200 gores an ox worth 200 and the carcass is not worth anything, this one gets 100 and this one gets 100. [If] it injures another ox worth 200, the [owner of the] ox last injured receives 100 and the owner of the previously injured ox receives 50. [If] it injures another ox worth 200, the [owner of the] ox last injured receives 100, the [owner of the] previously injured ox receives 50, and the first two receive 25.

This mishnah deals with the nature of the financial obligation of the owner of a harmless ox that has injured several oxen, without it ever becoming an attested danger. According to one opinion, the owner of the injured ox becomes new owner of the harmless ox, when the latter causes injury. The result of this ownership is that if the harmless ox causes further injury, the owner of the previously injured ox will have financial liability. The second opinion is that the owner the injured ox becomes a partner in the ownership of the injuring ox. In our mishnah we will see the manifestation of these two differing opinions.
First of all let us chart out two tables explaining the differences between Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Shimon. In this chart all oxen were worth 200 before the injuries. The numbers are how much each owner of the injured oxen will collect.
Amount left to owner of injuring ox
First ox injured
Second ox
Third ox
Rabbi Meir
0
0
100
100
Rabbi Shimon
25
25
50
100
According to Rabbi Meir, the owners of the previously injured oxen are considered the new owners of the injuring ox and therefore are fully responsible for subsequent damages. Only if money remains from the value of the injuring ox can these owners recover money for their own injured oxen.
According to Rabbi Shimon the owners of the previously injured oxen are considered partners in the ownership of the injuring ox. When an ox damages one other ox, they are now partners and they each get 100. When it injures again, the owner of the currently injured ox is a partner who gets half, meaning 100 and the previous two owners become partners in an ox worth 100, and each gets 50. If the ox should injure a third time, the owner of the currently injured ox is a partner and receives half, meaning 100. The owner of the second injured ox is now a half partner in an ox worth 100 and he gets 50. The fifty that is left in the worth of the original ox is split evenly between the original owner and the owner of the first injured ox, who are partners in that 50.
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Rambam on Mishnah Bava Kamma

We already explained in (tractate) kesuvos that a gold dinar is worth 25 silver dinarim and when the damagee too possession of the ox to recover the money, and it went out from under his hand and it damaged another, the next damagee collects complete half damages and if there is extra he will return to the previous one. And R. Shimon does not disagree since he took possession of it, he becomes with this a paid watchman and he's obligated in damges. And all these laws, they are for an innocuous ox that the principle in our hands is that he pays for the body, as we've explained. But if it was accustomed, we don't need any of this because he pays full damages uncapped. And the halakah is like R. Shimon.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

ישלם – he (i.e., the owner) pays one-half of the damages caused, and to the last one [who suffered damage is paid] first. In the Gemara (Tractate Bava Kamma 36b), it establishes that our Mishnah deals with a the one who suffered damage grabbed hold of the ox causing damage to collect from him and became for him a paid bailee. But when it left under his hand and caused damage, the first one (i.e., the owner of the ox that was damaged) is liable for his damages. Therefore, the last [owner of an ox which suffered damage] is compensated one-half of his damages from the full amount.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

ואם יש בו מותר יחזיר לשלפניו – this is what he said: if there is surplus of his damages [caused] he should restore to the [owner of the ox who suffered damage] that was prior to him as, for example, that the half-damages of the first was a Maneh (100 zuz) and the half damages of the last was fifty and the ox was worth two-hundred. From the outset, when the ox gored the ox of the he first [owner] which was damaged, that half of his damages was a Maneh, the [owner of] the ox who was damaged received a Maneh, and the owners [received] a Maneh , when they captured the injured ox and it gored while under their control, the owners do not lose a Maneh that they had for it (i.e., the ox), for he was not guarding them, [properly] other than on the damaged ox which he had captured, and when it damaged a second [ox], and half of those damages was fifty, the [owner of the] first damaged ox lost from his Maneh – fifty , and he gives it to the [owner of the] second damaged [ox] and the surplus up until a Maneh he returns to him, and the owners take their own Maneh.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

RABBI SHIMON SAYS: Rabbi Shimon is of the opinion that the original owners and the victim become partners in ownership of the ox that attacked, and they are both liable in subsequent damages. How so? AN OX WORTH 200 WHO GORED...
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

ושלפניו – that [ox] which was damaged first, he (i.e., the owner) takes fifty zuz and the owners [of the ox] who damaged take fifty zuz, for the [owner of the] one damaged first has the half [damages], therefore, he pays one-half the compensation of his damage.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

חזר ונגח שור שוה מאתים – the [owner of the] last one takes a half Maneh from every one – for he is paid out of his own pocket and it is found that the one before him that was his one-half, he pays from his portion one-half a Maneh and takes the last one.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

But the two first [owners] – the first owner [whose ox] was damaged and the owners, for each one of them had a quarter, each one of them pays one-quarter of his damages.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

דינר זהב – which is twenty-five silver dinars.
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