Mischna
Mischna

Kommentar zu Bava Batra 8:1

יֵשׁ נוֹחֲלִין וּמַנְחִילִין, וְיֵשׁ נוֹחֲלִין וְלֹא מַנְחִילִין, מַנְחִילִין וְלֹא נוֹחֲלִין, לֹא נוֹחֲלִין וְלֹא מַנְחִילִין. וְאֵלּוּ נוֹחֲלִין וּמַנְחִילִין, הָאָב אֶת הַבָּנִים וְהַבָּנִים אֶת הָאָב וְהָאַחִין מִן הָאָב, נוֹחֲלִין וּמַנְחִילִין. הָאִישׁ אֶת אִמּוֹ וְהָאִישׁ אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ, וּבְנֵי אֲחָיוֹת, נוֹחֲלִין וְלֹא מַנְחִילִין. הָאִשָּׁה אֶת בָּנֶיהָ וְהָאִשָּׁה אֶת בַּעְלָהּ וַאֲחֵי הָאֵם, מַנְחִילִין וְלֹא נוֹחֲלִין. וְהָאַחִים מִן הָאֵם, לֹא נוֹחֲלִין וְלֹא מַנְחִילִין:

Es gibt jene [Verwandten], die [andere Verwandte] erben und [ihnen bei ihrem Tod] das Erbe hinterlassen; erben, aber nicht vererben; vererben, aber nicht erben; weder erben noch vererben. Diese erben und hinterlassen: Ein Vater (erbt) seine Söhne, nämlich. (Numeri 27: 8): "Ein Mann, wenn er stirbt und keinen Sohn hat, dann sollst du sein Erbe an seine Tochter weitergeben."—Wenn der Verstorbene eine Tochter hat, geben Sie das Erbe vom Vater (des Verstorbenen) weiter, aber Sie tun dies nicht, wenn er (keine Söhne und Töchter, sondern nur) Brüder hat.] Und Söhne (erben) ihre Väter, [ nämlich. (Ebd.: "Ein Mann, wenn er stirbt und keinen Sohn hat", was impliziert, dass der Sohn Vorrang hat, wenn er einen Sohn hat.] Und Brüder vom Vater (erben sich gegenseitig), nämlich. (Ebd. 11): "... von ihren Familien nach dem Haus ihrer Väter."] Diese (die oben genannten) erben und vererben. Ein Mann (erbt) seine Mutter, nämlich (ebd. 36: 8): „Und jede Tochter, die ein Erbe von den Stämmen der Kinder Israel erhält.“ Wie kann eine Tochter zwei Stämme erben? Sie kann in einem Fall, in dem sein Vater von einem Stamm und ihre Mutter von einem anderen stammt, die Tochter ( in Abwesenheit männlicher Erben), die sie erben. Und da geschrieben steht "Stämme", wird der Stamm der Mutter mit dem Stamm des Vaters verglichen, dh: Genau wie beim Stamm des Vaters hat der Sohn Vorrang vor dem Tochter, so mit dem Stamm der Mutter.] Ein Mann erbt seine Frau, nämlich (ebd. 27:11): "... sein Fleisch"—Das ist seine Frau. Der Vers wird verstanden als: "Und du sollst ihm das Erbe seiner Frau geben." (Wir "verringern und fügen hinzu und erklären.") Ich könnte denken, dass sie ihn ebenfalls erbt; es steht daher geschrieben (ebd.): "Und er wird es erben" (wörtlich "sie")—Er erbt sie, aber sie erbt ihn nicht.] Und die Söhne der Schwestern (erben den Verstorbenen, wo es keine engeren Verwandten gibt). Diese (die oben genannten) erben, aber hinterlassen nicht. Eine Frau, ihr Sohn; eine Frau sie, Ehemann; und die Brüder der Mutter (ihr Sohn)—sie hinterlassen, erben aber nicht. Und Brüder von der Mutter— sie erben oder vermachen einander nicht.

Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

יש נוחלין – there are relations that inherit their relatives when they die, and even when they themselves die. They bequeath to them their money.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Batra

There are those who inherit and bequeath, there are those who inherit but do not bequeath, there are those who bequeath but do not inherit and there are those who neither bequeath nor inherit.
These inherit and bequeath: a father as to his sons and sons as to their father and brothers from the same father, these inherit and bequeath.
A man as to mother, and a man as to his wife, and the sons of sisters, inherit but do not bequeath.
A woman as to her sons, and a wife as to her husband, and brothers of the mother, bequeath but do not inherit.
And brothers from the same mother [but not father] neither inherit nor bequeath.

The eighth and ninth chapters of Bava Batra deal with the laws of inheritance. It states in Numbers 8-11 (JPS translation): “If a man dies without leaving a son, you shall transfer his property to his daughter. If he has no daughter, you shall assign his property to his brothers. If he has no brothers, you shall assign his property to his father’s brothers. If his father had no brothers, you shall assign his property to his nearest relative in his own clan, and he shall inherit it.”
The first two mishnayoth of our chapter deal with the order of inheritance, who inherits from whom and who bequeaths property to whom.
This mishnah lists in four categories all those who inherit from others and all those who, when they die, bequeath property to others.
Category one: The relationships listed in this category both inherit and bequeath. When a father dies, his sons inherit and if they should die without offspring, the father inherits from them. If a man dies and he has no children and his father is already dead his brother will inherit. So too if his brother dies in a similar situation , he bequeaths his property to his brother.
Category two: The relationships listed in this category are ones in which the person inherits but does not bequeath. A man inherits his mother but if he should die first, the mother does not inherit from him. So too, a man inherits his wife but if he should die his property is not bequeathed to her. If a man dies and his sister had children, they may inherit him if he has no closer relative. However, if they die, he does not inherit their property since it will pass to their father’s side and not their mother’s.
Category three: The relationships listed in this category are ones in which the person bequeaths but does not inherit. A woman bequeaths her property to her sons but she does not inherit from them if they should die first. Likewise, a husband inherits his wife’s property, but he does not bequeath his property to her. Finally, if a man dies and his closest relative is his sister’s children his property is bequeathed to them, but if they should die he cannot inherit from them.
Category four: The relationships listed in this category are ones in which the person neither bequeaths nor inherits. If a man dies and he leaves a brother who shares a mother but not a father he does not bequeath his property to him, nor does he inherit his property should the brother die. The inheritance lines go to each man’s father’s family and not to his relatives on his mother’s side.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

האב את הבנים – as it is written (Numbers 27:8): “If a man dies without leaving a son, you shall transfer his property to his daughter.” In place of a daughter, you transfer the inheritance from the father, but you do not transfer inheritance from the father in place of brothers.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

והבנים את האב – as it is written (Numbers 27:8): “If a man dies without leaving a son;” but if he has a son, the son precedes.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

והאחין מן האב – as it is written (Numbers 27:10): “in his own clan, and he shall inherit it.” And the family/clan of the father is called a family, as it is written (Numbers 1:2): “by the clans of its ancestral houses.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

והאיש את אמו – as it is written (Numbers 36:8): “ Every daughter among the Israelite tribes who inherits a share [must marry someone from a clan of her father’s tribe, in order that every Israelite may keep his ancestral share],”how a daughter inherits two tribes, but this [is the case] where her father is from one tribe and her mother is from another tribe, "וירשתן"/and she shall inherit them (see Numbers 36:8 and Talmud Bava Batra 111a) – for since it is written (in our verse): "ממטות"/from the tribe, he made an analogy of two verses near each other – the tribe of the mother to the tribe of the father. Just as the tribe of the father, the son precedes the daughter, so too, the tribe of the mother – the son precedes the daughter.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

והאיש את אשתו – as it is written (Numbers 27:11): “[If his father had no brothers, you shall assign his property to] his nearest relative [in his own clan and he shall inherit it].” “the nearest relative” is one’s wife. And we read it this way: “And you shall give the inheritance of his nearest relative to him and deduct or add and we expound, that even she shall inherit him, as the inference teaches us: (Numbers 27: 11): “and he shall inherit it.” He inherits her, but she does not inherit him (see also Talmud Bava Batra 111b).
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